Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) is a common yet serious condition that affects the blood vessels, especially those in the legs. PAD occurs when fatty deposits build up in the arteries that supply blood to your limbs, narrowing them and reducing blood flow. Recognizing the risks, symptoms, and treatment options for PAD is essential, as early detection and treatment can prevent serious complications. Watch the following video as Dr. Stephen Tonks, a Fellowship-trained, Board-Certified Vascular Surgeon with Premier Vascular and Vein Center in Knoxville, TN, explains PAD and the importance of early detection.

What is PAD?

PAD is a form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) that primarily affects the arteries in the legs. When these arteries become narrowed due to plaque buildup, blood flow to the legs and feet decreases. This restricted blood flow can lead to pain, numbness, and, in severe cases, tissue damage. PAD not only affects mobility but also increases the risk of heart attack and stroke.

Who is at Risk of PAD?

PAD can affect anyone, but certain groups are at higher risk, including:

• People over 50: Risk increases with age.
• Smokers: Smoking is one of the strongest risk factors for PAD.
• People with diabetes: Diabetics have a higher risk of arterial diseases, including PAD.
• Those with high blood pressure or high cholesterol: Both conditions contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries.
• Individuals with a family history of cardiovascular disease: Genetics can play a role in susceptibility to PAD.

What are the Signs & Symptoms of PAD?

PAD often goes unnoticed until it becomes severe, but some symptoms include:

• Leg pain or cramping during activity (known as claudication), which typically goes away with rest.
• Numbness or weakness in the legs.
• Coldness in the lower leg or foot, especially when compared to the other leg.
• Sores or wounds on the toes, feet, or legs that heal slowly or not at all.
• Discoloration of the skin on the legs.
• Weak pulse in the legs or feet.

How is PAD Diagnosed?

To diagnose PAD, doctors may use:

• Physical exams: Checking for weak pulses in the legs.
• Ankle-brachial index (ABI): A comparison of blood pressure in the ankle and arm. A low ABI score can indicate PAD.
• Ultrasound: This imaging test uses sound waves to look for blockages in the blood vessels.
• Angiography: A dye is injected into the blood vessels, and X-rays track blood flow to reveal blockages.

What is at Risk if PAD is Left Untreated?

If left untreated, PAD can lead to serious complications, including:

• Critical limb ischemia: Severe obstruction of blood flow to the legs can lead to pain at rest, non-healing wounds, and even gangrene, potentially necessitating amputation.
• Heart attack and stroke: PAD is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events due to plaque buildup in the arteries.

How Can PAD be Prevented?

Preventing PAD focuses on lifestyle changes:

• Quit smoking: This is one of the most effective ways to reduce PAD risk.
• Manage blood sugar levels if you have diabetes.
• Control blood pressure and cholesterol through diet, exercise, and medication as needed.
• Exercise regularly: Physical activity improves circulation and heart health.
• Eat a heart-healthy diet: Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.

How is PAD Treated?

Treatment for PAD depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

• Lifestyle modifications: Quitting smoking, eating a heart-healthy diet, and exercising.
• Medications: Blood thinners, cholesterol-lowering drugs, or medications to manage blood pressure and diabetes.
• Angioplasty: A minimally invasive procedure to open narrowed arteries using a balloon or stent.
• Surgery: In severe cases, bypass surgery may be needed to reroute blood around blocked arteries.

PAD is a manageable condition with proper care. Early detection, lifestyle adjustments, and medical intervention can make a significant difference in quality of life and long-term health outcomes. If you’re experiencing symptoms or have risk factors for PAD, Premier Vascular and Vein Center can help. Request an appointment online to get screened and discuss the best preventive measures and treatment options.

Premier Vascular and Vein Center in Knoxville, TN, is a division of Premier Surgical Associates.